5/22/2023 0 Comments Dialectic materialismĭespite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, defined in contrast to each other: idealism and materialism. Its materiality can, in some ways, be linked to the concept of determinism, as espoused by Enlightenment thinkers. It can also contrast with phenomenalism, vitalism, and dual-aspect monism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism. Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology, and is thus different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. In 1748, French doctor and philosopher La Mettrie espouses a materialistic definition of the human soul in L'Homme Machine. Epicurus, although ostensibly a deist, affirmed both the literal existence of the Greek gods in either some type of celestial "heaven" cognate from which they ruled the Universe (if not on a literal Mount Olympus) and his philosophy promulgated atomism, while Platonism taught roughly the opposite, despite Plato's teaching of Zeus as God. Philosophies traditionally opposed or largely historically unreconciled to the scientific theories of materialism or physicalism include idealism, pluralism, dualism, panpsychism, and other forms of monism.įrom classical antiquity, Epicureanism is an ancient philosophy of materialism as a major forerunner to modern science. Thus, the term physicalism is preferred over materialism by some, while others use the terms as if they were synonymous. spacetime, physical energies and forces, and dark matter). Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the theories of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter (e.g. Materialism is closely related to physicalism-the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. This concept directly contrasts with idealism, where mind and consciousness are first-order realities to which matter is dependent while material interactions are secondary. According to philosophical materialism, mind and consciousness are by-products or epiphenomena of material processes (such as the biochemistry of the human brain and nervous system), without which they cannot exist. Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds matter to be the fundamental substance in nature, and all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions. For other materialist theories, see Materialism (disambiguation).
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |